What USCIS Checks
FBI database: criminal record, federal crimes, warrants. State police records: state crimes, arrests. INTERPOL: international crimes. They check if you're under investigation anywhere. They verify your immigration history—are you lying about when you entered the US?
The Timeline
Initial background check: 2-4 weeks after you submit N-400. If red flags appear: additional investigation (can add months). If cleared: you proceed to interview. Most people pass (95% pass rate).
What Fails You
Felony conviction (usually permanent bar). Drug-related crimes (most create bars). Crimes of violence. Fraud or immigration fraud (if you lied on Green Card application). Gang membership or terrorism links. These are serious barriers.
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Be honest on N-400. If you have a record: get legal advice before applying. USCIS will find out anyway—lying makes it worse. If you're in the system for other reasons (lawsuit, etc.), disclose it.